Why Were Ancient Romans Mostly Clean Shaven?
Throughout ancient history, the clean-shaven face was a prominent feature of Roman society. This preference for a smooth-jawed appearance was influenced by cultural, social, and practical factors that together shaped the societal norms of the time.
Cultural Norms
In Roman society, being clean-shaven was a sign of civilization and sophistication. This aesthetic preference helped the Romans distinguish themselves from other cultures, particularly those that wore beards, such as the Greeks and certain barbarian tribes. The idea was to present a refined and distinguished image, reflecting the values of Roman citizenship and the ideals of Roman society.
Political and Social Status
Clean-shaven faces were often associated with youth and vitality, valued traits in Roman society. Prominent figures, including emperors and politicians, adopted this look to project power and authority. Rulers like Julius Caesar and later emperors such as Augustus promoted the clean-shaven image, which became a standard of Roman masculinity and the ideal for political and social leaders.
Hygiene and Health
Personal hygiene was highly valued in Roman society. A clean-shaven face was seen as more hygienic, particularly in the context of their public baths and social interactions. Regular shaving was believed to reduce the risk of infections and promote health. The Romans were among the earliest to understand the importance of cleanliness, making the choice to stay smooth a practical consideration as well as an aesthetic one.
Fashion Trends
The trend towards a clean-shaven appearance was also influenced by fashion and the preferences of influential leaders. For instance, Julius Caesar himself promoted the clean-shaven look, which quickly became a standard for Roman men. Influential emperors like Augustus and later figures such as Tiberius, Caligula, and the Flavian emperors followed suit, setting a precedent for Roman masculinity. The custom of shaving was not only popular but also expected, making it a central part of the Roman cultural identity.
Shaving in Context: Historical Shifts and Influences
It's important to note that the preference for clean-shaven appearances was not consistent throughout all of Roman history. For instance, any Roman who lived before 300 BC would be surprised if not amused by the question of clean-shaven men. At that time, Romans took pride in their long beards and considered shaving them to be unmanly. The first barbers were introduced in Rome in 299 BC, bringing with them the practice of shaving from Sicily, which was largely Greek in customs. This introduction marked a significant change in Roman attitudes towards facial hair.
This shift in attitude was further fueled by various historical and cultural factors. For example, Carthaginians, who wore long beards, influenced the Roman soldiers who followed Scipio Africanus. When Scipio adopted the custom, his soldiers imitated him to distinguish themselves from the Carthaginian enemies. Similarly, Julius Caesar was a highly revered figure whose soldiers emulated his style, including the daily practice of shaving. Caesar famously said, "My soldiers use perfumes but they fight well."
The trend for clean-shaven faces often followed the preferences of the ruling emperors. From Augustus through the Flavian emperors, shaving was a standard practice, although during the reigns of Nero, who disliked the daily routine of shaving, and later emperors like Adrian and Marcus Aurelius, who styled themselves after bearded philosophers, the trend reversed. During these periods, facial hair once again became a prominent feature of Roman society.
Overall, the preference for a clean-shaven face in ancient Rome reflected broader societal values and norms that emphasized order, cleanliness, and the ideals of Roman citizenship. This practice was deeply ingrained in Roman culture, making it a defining characteristic of their society and a reflection of their cultural identity.